Word of the Week: Calque

Can it be sound shift? I thought it was more where a 'compound' word is translated similarly into another language.

(From good ol' Wikipee)

A calque (pronounced /ˈkælk/) or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word (Latin: "verbum pro verbo") or root-for-root translation. This list contains examples of calques in various languages.
[edit]English

[edit]From Chinese
Running Dog calques Chinese: 走狗; pinyin: zǒu gǒu[1].
Brainwashing calques simplified Chinese: 洗脑; traditional Chinese: 洗腦; pinyin: xǐ nǎo[2] — usage via U.S. military during Korean War.
Long time no see calques Cantonese Chinese: 好耐冇見; Jyutping: hou2 noi6 mou5 gin3, via Chinese Pidgin English[citation needed]
Look-see calques Chinese: 看見; pinyin: kànjiàn or Chinese: 睇見; pinyin: (Cantonese) táigin(?) (via pidgin English)[citation needed][dubious – discuss]
lose face calques simplified Chinese: 丢脸; traditional Chinese: 丟臉; pinyin: diū liǎn[3]
Paper tiger calques simplified Chinese: 纸老虎; traditional Chinese: 紙老虎; pinyin: zhǐ lǎohǔ[4]
[5][6][7]
[edit]From French
Adam's apple calques pomme d'Adam[8]
Bushmeat calques viande de brousse[citation needed]
deaf-mute calques French sourd-muet
By heart (or off by heart) calques French par cœur[citation needed]
Governor-General calques Gouverneur Général[9]
Free verse calques vers libre[10]
Old guard calques Vieille Garde (the most senior regiments of the Imperial Guard of Napoleon I)[11]
Flea market calques marché aux puces[12]
Marriage of convenience calques French mariage de convenance[13]
New Wave (artistic period) calques Nouvelle Vague[14]
rhinestone calques caillou du Rhin "Rhine pebble"[15]
Staircase wit calques l'esprit de l'escalier
that goes without saying calques cela va sans dire[16]
Point of view calques point de vue
J. R. R. Tolkien used the name "Bag End" as a calque of "cul-de-sac," to poke fun at the British use of French terms.[citation needed]
[edit]From German or Dutch
Masterpiece: probably translation of Dutch meesterstuk or German Meisterstück: Dutch meester and German Meister, master + Dutch stuk and German Stück, piece of work.[17] (The Dutch translation of masterpiece is meesterwerk, the German translation is Meisterwerk.)
[edit]From Dutch
Pineapple calques pijnappel[18] (Modern Dutch translations include both pijnappel and ananas.)
Superconductor calques Dutch supergeleider[19]
Iceberg calques Dutch IJsberg
[edit]From German
Antibody calques Antikörper[20]
Ball lightning calques Kugelblitz[21]
Beer garden calques Biergarten[22]
Concertmaster and concertmeister calque Konzertmeister[23]
Earworm calques Ohrwurm
Flamethrower calques Flammenwerfer[24]
Foreword perhaps calques Vorwort, which itself calques Latin præfatio (from præ- "before" plus fari "speak") "preface"[25]
Heroic tenor calques Heldentenor[26]
Homesickness calques Heimweh[27]
Intelligence quotient calques Intelligenzquotient[28]
Loan translation calques Lehnübersetzung
Loanword calques Lehnwort[29]
mercury/quicksilver vapor lamp calques Quecksilberdampflampe[30]
Motorway calques Autobahn
Overman and superman (i.e., self-transcending human) calque Übermensch[31]
Power politics calques Machtpolitik[30]
Rainforest calques Regenwald[32]
Standpoint (point of view) calques Standpunkt[33]
Superego (formed from Latin super- "over, above" plus ego "I") calques Überich "over-I"[34]
Stormtroopers calques Sturmtruppen[35]
Subliminal (formed from Latin sub-, "below", plus limin (gen. liminis, "threshold") calques unterschwellig, "beneath the threshold"[36]
Thought experiment calques Gedankenexperiment[37]
Watershed calques Wasserscheide[38]
Worldview calques German Weltanschauung[39]
World war calques Weltkrieg[40]
[edit]From Hebrew
Scapegoat is a mistaken calque of עזאזל (Azazel) as ez ozel ( literally, "the goat that departs," hence "[e]scape goat"). The mistranslation is attributed to William Tyndale in his 1530 translation of the Bible.[41]
[edit]From Latin
Commonplace calques locus commūnis (referring to a generally applicable literary passage), which itself is a calque of Greek koinos topos[42]
Devil's advocate calques advocātus diabolī, referring to an official appointed to present arguments against a proposed canonization or beatification in the Catholic Church[43]
Wisdom tooth calques dēns sapientiae[44]
Milky Way calques via lactea, which is itself derived from the Greek root galaxias [γαλαξίας], meaning "milky."[45]
Rest in Peace calques requiescat in pace[46]
In a nutshell calques in nuce[47][48]
[edit]From Spanish
Blue-blood calques sangre azul[49]
Moment of truth calques el momento de la verdad, which refers to the time of the final sword thrust in a bullfight.[50]
[edit]From other languages
Gospel calques Greek evangelion (good news)[51]
Hotdish calques Scandinavian varmrett/varmrätt
[edit]Latin

Latin compassio calques Greek sympathia "sympathy" (Latin: "suffering with", Greek: "suffering together")

Using dg's definition (and being evil):

One hundred roughly equal translated phrase (lit.) (6)

So let me get this straight. A German word for any catchy and annoying tune is Ohrwurm, which is literally ear-worm - the phrase we've adopted in English. So is this translated term a purer calque?

Making something like terebeijon a hobson-jobson, and not a calque? Glad I threw this word out there, as it is a tricky nuance to nail.

(BTW, appreciate this pick-up, dg, but maybe in future if we just sample a section of such a long wiki slab, with links for those who wish to delve more. Makes a forum easier to follow. Cheers - )

Literal translation for central ethical question? (6)

Lost in Translation sounds terribly opaque. Call cop out, Coppola (6)

Rhetorical question embodies term of import?(6)

@DC, how does Coppola = remove L? Or am I misreading the clue?

It's an anagram of "opaque call cop" without Coppola. (Anax would disapprove.)

Sorry...I shouldve just posted the link.

Local quest to capture essence of foreign terms?!

Queue in queue we heard, swallow part swallow, yields root-for-root translation
[a trifle too rococo?]

Start class with a Latin interrogative (Manuel's favourite) translated word for word perhaps

Too long-winded. I'd prefer:

Start class with a Latin quote without book's literal translation.

OR

Approximate Latin quote without book's literal translation.

DA, when does the previous week's COW get judged?

Cryptic clue a question of literal translation?

Perhaps imported bier... without a fatback?

ie CA(TAFA)LQUE

Alec, re the COW verdict, at this stage the game is more about having a crack, rather than the full podium treatment, which I usually reserve for the Storms.

Maybe as the game evolves, and we intro a poll perhaps, or I formalise the WOW to COW shift, we can take that tack. Fact is, you craft a good clue, all visitors (and web host)can recognise that.

unconnected with anything else:

Pear-shaped, starts dietary attempt perhaps (12)